Travis+Smith

"Animal Testing." //http://www.peta.org/ActionCenter/testing.asp//. Web. 3 Dec 2009. 1.Mice, rats, and birds are are mostly tested on. 2.Many of the household products that we use is getting injected, rubbed and forced on the harmless animals. 3.Companies that dont test on animals will most likely say on their product. 4.Charities such as the March of Dimes use donations from private citizens to fund experiments on animals, and the FDA requires all drugs to be tested on 5.New research methods, such as computer models, cell cultures, and human studies are more accurate, less expensive, and much more humane.

"Animal Testing." //http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/animal_testing///. Web. 3 Dec 2009. 6.A large number of laws and regulations have been enacted to control the marketing of drugs, cosmetics, pesticides, food additives, and other products that could prove to be hazardous to human health and/or the environment. 7.Such regulations often prescribe a specific regime of laboratory testing to generate information that will enable government regulators to determine whether the benefits of a particular substance outweigh its potential harms. 8.Government statistics, where available, indicate that product testing accounts for approximately 10 percent of all animal use for scientific purposes, which amounts to many millions of animals per year worldwide. 9.Such testing calls into question the ethics and humaneness of deliberately poisoning animals (sometimes to death), the appropriateness of harming animals for the sake of marketing a new brand of mascara or moisturizer. 10.They are working on making new methods that test products on other things insted of wasting alot of money and killing harmless animals. 11.Many have been in use for between 40 and 80 years, and virtually all inflict suffering and death on animals: 12.Acute systemic toxicity: Death or evident toxicity occurring within a short time after administration of a single, extremely high dose of a substance via oral force-feeding, forced inhalation and/or application to the skin* 13.Skin irritation/corrosion: Chemically induced skin damage that is reversible (irritation) or irreversible (corrosion)* 14.Eye irritation/corrosion: Chemically induced eye damage that is reversible (irritation) or irreversible (corrosion)* 15.Skin sensitization: The induction of allergic contact dermatitis following repeated exposure to a chemical agent* 16.Skin absorption: The extent and rate by which a chemical is able to enter the body via the skin* 17.Repeated dose toxicity: General toxicological effects occurring as a result of repeated daily exposure to a substance (via oral, inhalation and/or skin routes) for a portion of the expected life span (i.e., 1 to 3 months) or for the majority of the life span (i.e., 14 to 24 months) 18.Reproductive and developmental toxicity: Chemically induced harmful effects on sexual function, fertility and/or normal offspring development (e.g., spontaneous abortion, premature delivery and birth defects), generally determined through the breeding of one or more generations of offspring 19.Genetic toxicity: Chemically induced genetic mutations and/or other alterations of the structure, information content or segregation of genetic material* 20.Carcinogenicity: Chemically induced cancer, whether through genotoxic or non-genotoxic (i.e., growth-promoting) mechanisms 21.Immunotoxicit//y//: Chemically induced harmful effects on the immune system (e.g., thymus, white blood cell number and viability) 22.Neurotoxicity: Chemically induced harmful effects on the brain, spinal cord, and/or peripheral nervous system (e.g.,deficits in learning or sensory ability 23.Toxicokinetics: The study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of chemicals in the body 24.Ecotoxicity: Chemically induced harmful effects on wildlife populations, including mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, crustaceans, and other aquatic invertebrates; common study designs include acute systemic, dietary, and reproductive (also known as "life-cycle") toxicity*

"Animal Testing." //http://www.aboutmyplanet.com/science-technology/animal-testing///. Web. 3 Dec 2009. 25.Ninety-four percent of animal testing is done to determine the safety of cosmetics and household products leaving only 6% for medical research. 26.Cosmetic testing is banned in Belgium, Netherlands and the U.K.. 27.Europe has been phasing out all products related to animal testing since 2002 and they plan to completely ban all products by 2009. 28.Unfortunately the U.S. is still home to many companies who continue to legally perform horrible test on animals even though the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Consumer Product Safety Commission doesn’t require animal testing for cosmetics or household products. 29.Most animals in testing are usally bred for testing. 30.Mice, rabbits, dogs, guinea pigs, cats and monkey’s are the most commonly used animals for tests. 31.There has been alot of evidence that animal testing is getting unnessasary and unethical. 32.The LD50 test short for lethal dose, is one of the worst tests that was developed back in 1927 and is still in use today. Groups of animals are dosed with different amounts of a test substance in order to determine the dose which kills half of the animals. 33.There are now other tests available that use less animals and lower doses, yet this old, discredited LD50 test continues. 34.During another common test, the Draize eye-and skin-irritation test, rabbits are immobilized in full-body restraints while a substance is dripped or smeared into their eyes or onto their shaved skin. 35.Rabbits often scream in pain and many break their necks trying to get free.

"Animal Testing." //http://sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Animal_testing//. Web. 3 Dec 2009. 36.Animal testing refers to the use of animals in experiments. 37.It is estimated that 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals are used annually worldwide. 38.Animals are either killed during experiments or subsequently euthanized. 39.Animals used for breeding or bred for research then killed as surplus, are not included in the figures. 40.The majority of laboratory animals are bred\ 41.A smaller number are wild caught or supplied by class B dealers, who obtain them from auctions, news paper ads and some animal shelters (pound seizure). Animal testing is conducted by universities.

"Animal Testing." //http://www.avert.org/hiv-animal-testing.htm//. Web. 3 Dec 2009. 42.In many countries it is a legal requirement that all drugs and vaccines (not just for HIV) are tested on animals to ensure safety. 43.In England, The Medicines Act of 1962 said that " you must trst on two different mammal speices, and a large non-rodent." 44.This is a whole argument of this subject and im with the against side: ( **I Copied this for an arguement, the stuff below, For and Against)** FOR : Animal testing is justified because of the many human lives that it can save AGAINST : There is no firm evidence that animal testing has saved anyone’s life directly, particularly in the case of HIV – most drugs could probably have been developed without the use of animals. FOR : Humans are clearly unique amongst animals in our abilities and intellect. Animals do not experience pain and emotion in the same way that we do because they lack language and the power of abstract thought AGAINST : An animal’s life is equal to a human’s and we have no right to assume otherwise simply because animals cannot express their pain and suffering in words FOR : Animals are the best way to test vaccines, because it would be unethical to give a human a vaccine, and then to try to give them HIV to see if it works. AGAINST : It is no more ethical to give an animal a life-threatening illness than it is to give one to a human. FOR : SIV-infected chimps and Rhesus macaques are good substitutes for humans, and make drug and vaccine development far more simple AGAINST : Monkeys and chimpanzees do not have identical immune systems to humans, and may not respond to drugs or vaccines in the same way. Rhesus macaques also cannot be directly infected with HIV. No HIV vaccine has yet been developed, despite many years of animal involvement. FOR : Any differences between animal and human biology are generally known, and can be factored in to experiments AGAINST : This overlooks the effect that stress may have on the normal functioning of an animal’s body, which may in turn affect the results of the experiment FOR : Not testing new pharmaceutical products on animals is highly dangerous AGAINST : Animals are often poor substitutes for humans, and some compounds that may well cause no harm to an animal, could seriously harm a human being. Likewise, a drug that is toxic to the animal it is tested on, may have no toxicity, and even therapeutic benefits in humans. FOR : There are no viable alternatives to testing pharmaceutical products for safety on animals. Scientists already use in-vitro studies and computer models, and animal testing comes only after these tests have been performed. If a drug fails either test, it will not be given to animals anyway. AGAINST : Studies have suggested that ‘micro-dosing’ (where only a tiny amount of a product is given to a human through the skin) could be a new and very effective alternative to animal experiments 7. The recent news that scientists have grown a small piece of human liver tissue from stem cells could also mean that it may one day be possible to perform initial 'human' safety trials in a lab8. FOR : There are very strong laws in place to ensure that distress and pain in animals is kept to an absolute minimum AGAINST : Pain and suffering still occur, and simply being in captivity can cause great distress to an animal, just as it would to a human. Plus, animal testing facilities cannot be monitored at all times, so the sort of treatment animals receive on a daily basis can never truly be known. FOR : It is a legal requirement that drugs are tested on animals for safety in the majority of countries. Scientists have no choice in this matter. AGAINST : Perhaps if laws on the necessity for animal testing were relaxed, or animal safety-testing were banned, it would encourage scientists to develop other methods of testing toxicity that were equally effective. At the moment, they have no incentive to do so, so only a small handful of alternatives are being tested. FOR : No scientist wants to cause any more injury to an animal than is strictly necessary. Most scientists build up strong attachments to the animals they use in their experiments. AGAINST : This may be the case, but it is also very easy to become blasé about something that you do every day, andforget the pain and suffering your work is inflicting. Animals may well become little more than useful objects of study, rather than live creatures, and this can mean they are treated as disposable rather than indispensable.

"Animal Testing." //http://www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-testing-facts.html//. Web. 3 Dec 2009. 45.There are live animal experiments authorized and around the world, animals are now used as objects of experiments, to test a variety of products. 46.The product range is as diverse as skin creams and shampoos to cancer prevention drugs and vaccines. 47.It is very important to be sensitive to the treatment meted out to these lower species. 48.It is disgusting to note that less than 2% of all human illnesses are on record in the animal kingdom, and yet we use them to find cures to self inflicted illnesses that have been invited upon us with unhealthy and re-structured living and eating habits. 49.Only 5%-25% of animal tests are actually true. 50.There are more than 400 other methods that they could use to test on.

"Animal Testing." //http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/using-animals-testing-pros-versus-cons.html//. Web. 3 Dec 2009. 51.The major pro for animal testing is that it aids researchers in finding drugs and treatments to improve health and medicine. 52. Many medical treatments have been made possible by animal testing, including cancer and HIV drugs, insulin, antibiotics, vaccines and many more 53.It is for this reason that animal testing is considered vital for improving human health and it is also why the scientific community and many members of the public support its use. 54.In fact, there are also individuals who are against animal testing for cosmetics but still support animal testing for medicine and the development of new drugs for disease. 55.Another important aspect to note is that animal testing helps to ensure the safety of drugs and many other substances humans use or are exposed to regularly. 56.Drugs in particular can carry significant dangers with their use but animal testing allows researchers to initially gauge the safety of drugs prior to commencing trials on humans. 57.This means that human harm is reduced and human lives are saved - not simply from avoidance of the dangers of drugs but because the drugs themselves save lives as well as improve the quality of human life.

"Animal Testing." //http://www.ddal.org/animaltesting///. Web. 3 Dec 2009. 58.One way to get rid of animal testing is to increae funding to help find alternate resources to test on. 59.Reduce the number of animals used in exsisting base tests.

"Animal Testing." //http://www.ohsukillsprimates.com/CAATHOME.htm//. Web. 3 Dec 2009. 60. Since ONPRC opened its doors in 1962, there have been no significant benefits to human health produced by this facility.

"Animal Testing." //http://www2.aspca.org/site/PageServer?pagename=kids_ri_animaltesting//. Web. 7 Dec 2009. 61. Every year animals are subjected to experiments so painful and damaging that no one would ever do them on humans. 62.It's impossible to know exactly how many animals are being used in research because U.S. laws do not require scientists to report how many mice, rats, or birds they use. 63.But even though no one is sure how many rats and mice are used in research, most sources agree that about 90 percent are rats and mice. 64.That means that more than 15 million warm-blooded animals are used in research every year. 65. Nearly all of the scientists who do research on animals do it because they hope that making a few experience pain now will help prevent many from feeling pain later. 66.Besides, not all great discoveries came from research on animals. Edward Jenner, the man who created the first vaccination ever, developed it on humans. The father of genetics, Brother Gregor Mendel, explored inheritance very peacefully in pea plants.

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